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Objective:To investigate the effect of Superfine Cordyceps militarisv Powder on the immune functions of the mice,and to provide basis for improving the utilizable ratio of Cordyceps militaris.Methods:A total of 40 mice were randomly divided into negative control group,low dose (0.166 5 g·kg-1),middle dose (0.333 3 g·kg-1),and high dose (0.999 9 g·kg-1) of Superfine Cordyceps militaris Powder groups,and there were 10 mice in each group.The mice in different doses of Superfine Cordyceps militaris Powder groups were administered with the Superfine Cordyceps militaris Powder for 30 d by intragastric infusion respectively,whereas,the mice in negative control group were administered with the same volume of water for 30 d by intragastric infusion.The body weights,the spleen indexes and thymus indexes of the mice in various groups were measured;the lymphocyte transformation abilities of the mice in various groups were observed by lymphocyte transformation experiment;the levels of delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction of the mice were examined with toe incrassation;the number of antibody forming cells,phagocytic rate and phagocytic index of chicken erythrocytes phagocytized by peritoneal macrophages of the mice were detected.Results:Compared with negative control group,the body weights,the spleen indexes a nd thymus indexes of the mice in different doses of Superfine Cordyceps militaris Powder groups had no significant differences (P>0.05).The lymphocyte transformation abilities of the mice in middle and high doses of Superfine Cordyceps militarisPowder groups were higher than that in negative control group(P<0.05).The levels of delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction of the mice in middle and high doses of Superfine Cordyceps militaris Powder groups were higher than those in low dose of Superfine Cordyceps militaris powder group and negative control group(P<0.05).The numbers of antibody forming cells of the mice in low,middle and high doses of Superfine Cordyceps militaris Powder groups were higher than that in negative control group(P<0.05).The phagocytic rates and phagocytic indexes of chicken erythrocytes phagocytized by peritoneal macrophage of the mice in low,middle and high doses of Superfine Cordyceps militaris Powder groups were higher than that in negative control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Superfine Cordyceps militaris Powder can strengthen the immune functions of the mice,and the recommended doses are 0.333 3 and 0.999 9 g·kg-1.
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Objective To study the application of the two-paths double U-shaped fixer in clinical intravenous indwelling needle fixation. Methods A total of 420 cases using of intravenous indwelling needle from January to June 2015 were involved and divided into experimental group(210 cases) and control group(210 cases) by random digits table method. The two-paths double U-shaped fixer was applied in experimental group and the control group were used tape by Y type to fix. The incidence of returning-blood, blocking, phlebitis, slippage and the comfort between two groups were observed and compared. Results The incidence of returning-blood, blocking, phlebitis, slippage in experimental group were 6.2%(13/210), 0.5%(1/210), 0 , which were lower than those in control group 48.6%(102/210), 5.7%(12/210), 1.4%(3/210) seperately, the differences were statistically significant (χ2=117.895, P<0.01). The incidence of phlebitis levelⅠ,Ⅱ,ⅢandⅣin experimental group were 3.3%(7/210), 1.4%(3/210), 0.9%(2/210), 0, which were lower than those in control group 11.9%(25/210), 9.0%(19/210), 3.8%(8/210), 2.4%(5/210), the differences were statistically significant(Z=-5.960, P<0.01). The incidence of the comfort level 1, 2, 3 and 4 in experimental group were 92.4%(194/210), 6.2%(13/210), 1.4%(3/210), 0 individually, which were higher than those in control group 36.7%(77/210), 46.7%(98/210), 12.4%(26/210), 4.3%(9/210), the differences were statistical significant (Z=-16.228, P < 0.01). Conclusions Two-paths double U-shaped fixationis is better than Y-shaped tape fixation. To compare the venous indwelling needle fixation, two-paths double U-shaped fixer could fix more effectively and safety. At the same time, it also has advantages in convenient, observation and appearance. It could be widely used in clinical practice.
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Objective To survey and control an extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (A.bauman-nii)(XDRAB)lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI)outbreak in intensive care unit (ICU)of a hospital. Methods From October 27,2013 to December 27,2013,5 cases of XDRAB LRTI occurred in ICU,epidemiological investigation was conducted,sources and transmission routes of infection were searched,intervention measures were performed.Results XDRAB were isolated from patients’sputum and environmental object surface,drug-resistant spectrums of isolated XDRAB were almost the same,suggesting the outbreak was due to the contamination of envi-ronment by the same pathogen.54 specimens were taken before disinfection,26 were positive,XDRAB were isola-ted from door handles,sheets and telephones.Investigation concluded that the outbreak of XDRAB infection was due to contamination of indoor environment and equipment,incomplete disinfection,and inadequate hand hygiene compliance of health care workers.After the implementation of a series of control measures,XDRAB was not found,and there was no new XDRAB infection cases.Conclusion Environment contamination is the main cause of this XDRAB healthcare-associated infection(HAI)outbreak,strict implementation of isolation,prevention and con-trol measures of MDROs can effectively control HAI outbreak caused by A.baumannii.
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A novel series of bis-nicotine derivatives (3a-3i) were designed, synthesized and evaluated as bivalent anti-Alzheimer's disease agents. The pharmacological results indicated that compounds 3e-3i inhibited both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in the micromolar range (IC50, 2.28-117.86 micromol x L(-1) for AChE and 1.67-125 micromol x L(-1) for BChE), which was at the same potency as rivastigmine. A Lineweaver-Burk plot and molecular modeling study showed that these derivatives targeted both the catalytic active site (CAS) and the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE. Besides, these compounds could significantly inhibit the self-induced Abeta aggregation with inhibition activity (11.85%-62.14%) at the concentration of 20 micromol x L(-1).
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A series of tacrine-methoxybenzene hybrids (5a-5i) were designed, synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of cholinesterases (ChEs). All the compounds had better ChEs inhibitory activities than tacrine with IC50 values at the nanomolar range. Compound 5h exhibited the strongest inhibition on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 value of 6.74 nmol x L(-1) and compound 5f showed the most potent inhibition on butyrylcholinesterase with IC50 value of 3.83 nmol x L(-1). Kinetic and molecular modeling studies showed that these hybrids targeted both the catalytic active site and the peripheral anionic site of AChE.
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Objective To investigate the long-term effect of inflammation on behavior,microglias and dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra of intracephalic inflammation rat models induced by intracerebroventricular injection of low-dose(10μg) lipopolysaccharide (LPS).To analyze the relationship between activation of microglias and DA neurons degeneration in order to explore the mechanism of inflammation in the progressive process of Parkinson' s disease (PD).Methods 50 healthy male SD rats were randomly assigned into saline-injected control group and 10μg LPS-injected group.All injections were made intracerebroventricularly on right side of rats with saline or LPS.Moving speed was measured at different time points.At 24 weeks and 40 weeks after saline or LPS injection,specific antibodies of OX-42 and OX-6 were used separately to detect the changes of microglia in the substantia nigra of rat.The changes in morphology and numbers of substantia nigra DA neurons were observed by tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) immunohistochemical staining.The expression and distribution of the degenerated neurons in substantia nigra were detected by using Fluoro-Jade B(FJB).Results ①Analysis of moving speed sho wed that the moving speed of 10μg LPS-injected group rats and saline-injected group rats was similar from 4 weeks to 36 weeks after injection.At 40 weeks post injection,moving speed of 10μg LPS-injected group rats decreased by 24.6％ compared with that of saline-injected group rats (P＞ 0.05 ).②At 24 weeks and 40 weeks after injection,there were many activated OX-42 positive microglias in the substantia nigra of 10μg LPS-injected group rats,but there was almost no significant activated OX-42 positive microglia in saline-injected group.OX-6 positive microglias were not found in the substantia nigra of both of two groups.③At 24 weeks and 40 weeks post injection,the number of TH-positive neurons in the substantia nigra of 10μg LPS-injected group rats decreasedby 24.2％ ( t=4.803,P＜0.01) and 27.6％ ( t=3.212,P＜0.01) respectively compared with those of salineinjected group.④ There was no FJB positive neurons in the substantia nigra of the two group rats.Conclusion Intraventricular injection of low-dose LPS ( l0μg) in rats may induce long-term activation of microglias and chronic degeneration of DA neurons in the subs tantia nigra of rats although the necrosis are not occurs to DA neurons till 40 weeks post LPS injection.Intraventricular injection of low-dose LPS in rats could be ideal model to study the mechanism of chronic degeneration of DA neurons in PD.
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Objective To investigate whether there is any functional link between p27~(Kip1) function and all-trans retinoic acid (RA) in the control of neuronal differentiation of immortalized human neural progenitor cells (hSN12W-TERT cells). To investigate the mechanism by which p27~(Kip1) regulates the differentiation of immortalized human neural progenitor cells. Methods hSN12W-TERT cells were derived from the striatums of human embryos at 12 weeks gestation and cultured with serum-free medium in presence of EGF and bFGF. At the appropriated time, hSN12W-TERT cells were exposed to 1μmol/L RA for 3, 5, 7 days respectively. The experiment was repeated there times. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry analysis (FACS). The expression of p27~(Kip1), p21~(cip1), cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2), p-cdk2 and S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (skp2) in hSN12W-TERT cells before and after RA treatment cells were determined by using Western blotting analysis. Results FACS result showed that 77.25% of proliferating hSN12W-TERT cells were in the G1/G0-phase while 9.38% of cells in the S-phase. Following RA treatment, cell growth was arrested, and 85.68% of cells accumulated in G1/G0-phase while 8.57% of cells in the S-phase. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that the levels of p27~(Kip1) in the hSN12W-TERT cells increased following 3 days' treatment with RA compared with those of normal untreated cells, with a peak at 5 days (P<0.05). The similar results were acquired both in nuclear proteins and in cytoplasm proteins of hSN12W-TERT cells. The expression level of p21~(cip1) decreased in response to RA treatment. RA did not affect the expression of cdk2, but the expression of p-cdk2, which represented the activity of cdk2, was markedly decreased in response to RA treatment. Skp2, which was required for the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of p27~(Kip1), was detected in proliferating hSN12W-TERT cells. The expression of skp2 reduced dramatically in response to RA treatment in a time-dependent manner.Conclusion There is a functional link between RA and p27~(Kip1) function in the control of neuronal differentiation in hSN12W-TERT cells. P27~(Kip1) plays a key role during neuronal differentiation. Moreover, high levels of p27~(Kip1) are associated with its degradation inhibiting through reducing proteasome-dependent proteolysis.
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Objective To investigate the role of asctrocytes in the process of chronic degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in intracephalic inflammation rat model induced by intracerebroventricularly injection of lipopolysaccharide.Methods Sixty healthy male SD rats were assigned into lipopolysaccharide group or saline control group randomly.All injections were made intracerebroventricularly on right side of the rats.Ethovison software was used to measure the movement distance of rats within 30 minutes.Specific antibody for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) was used in immunohistochemistry stain to detect the changes of asctrocytes in the substantia nigra of rats.Results Movement distance of lipopolysaccharide-injected rats decreased by 21.2% compared with saline-injected rats at 16 weeks after injection (t=2.54,P<0.05)by 27.0% (t=3.55,P<0.01) at 24 weeks and by 31.4% (t=3.91,P<0.01) at 28 weeks after lipopolysaccharide injection.The asctrocytes were activated obviously in the substantia nigra of lipopolysaccharide-injected group at 2 weeks,while the numbers of GFAP-positively stained cells (228.60 + 22.35) increased significantly compared with saline-injected group ( 165.20 ± 25.97) (t = 4.14,P< 0.05).The activation of asctrocytes was not found in lipopolysaccharide-injected group at 4 weeks and 12 weeks.The asctrocytes were re-activated in the substantia nigra of lipopolysaccharide-injected group at 24 weeks,while the numbers of GFAP-positively stained cells (220.00±21.01 ) increased significantly compared with saline-injected group (169.00± 19.00) (t= 4.03,P<0.05).The activation of asctrocytes was not seen at any time point in saline-injected group.Conclusions Intracephalic inflammation induces chronic degeneration of substantia nigral dopaminergic neurons in rats.The asctrocytes exhibite "acute activation-quiescing-reactivation" state,indicating that they might be involved in the mechanism of dopaminergic neurons degeneration.
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Parkinson's disease(PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder harming mainly the elderly.Astrocyte may be involved in the pathogenesis of PD.However,it also plays a protective role in PD by releasing neurotrophic factors and glutathione to support the survival of dopaminergic neurons.Astrocyte may also release proinflammatory cytokines to promote the development of PD.
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Aim To study the prevalence of blood- lipid level and abnormal lipdemia in Xinjiang pasturing area minority,and select high risk population.Methods A current investigation of 1 084 Mongol and Kazakan people with the methods of random sample, meanwhile, according to criterion to collect vein blood to measure blood TC,TG,LDL- C , to calculate HDL- C with numeration.Statistical analysis with SPSS software package. To take corresponding statistical methods according to characteristics of the documents.Results (1) Hyper LDL- C,low HDL- C are the key types in this pasturing area, the former prevalence was 51.0% and 32.1% among the male and female; and the later was 50.2% and 29.8% (χ 2=39.50,45.60,P< 0.01), both near average standard in our country.(2)Abnormal lipdemia was related to age and sex,that was more higher in the male group than that in female group, and increased with the age, but the female group was more higher than male group over 60 years old.(3)The general standard tendency of HDL- C in female group was higher than that in male group, but with no statistics difference.(4)Compared with other areas,TC,LDL- C standard on the higher level,but TG,HDL- C on the lower.(5)Compared with the blood- lipid level of the same minority ten years before,TC,TG,LDL- C showed an increasing trend,however,HDL- C which had protection to human body showed a decreasing trend.Conclusion The Mongol and Kazakan people in Xinjiang pasturing areas are the hyper prevalence of the abnormal blood- lipid level.The etiology may be connected with the heredity susceptibility, on the other hand,the dietetic structure and habits can not be ignored.
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Aim To investigate whether Nurr1 gene,a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors,contributed to 6-OHDA-induced DAergic neurons insults by comparing the effect of 6OHDA on neuroblastoma cells SK-N-SH and SK-N-SH cells overexpressing Nurr1gene(SK-N-SH/Nurr1).Methods The effect of Nurr1 gene on cell proliferation of SK-N-SH cells was investigated,then SK-N-SH and SK-N-SH/Nurr1 cells were exposed to 6-OHDA(5～100 ?mol?L~(-1))for 1～24 h,cells' morphology was observed under phase-contrast microscope.The cells viability was analyzed via MTT assay.Apoptosis was detected using Hoechst33342 staining.Results The Nurr1-overexpressing SK-N-SH cells showed significantly slow growth rate compared with that of SK-N-SH cells.Treatment with 50 ?mol?L~(-1) 6-OHDA changed SK-N-SH-Nurr1 cells' morphology within 1 h,accompanied by retraction of processes,shrinkage of cell body,whereas the morphology of SK-N-SH cells changed after treated with 50?mol?L~(-1) 6-OHDA for 2 h.The result of MTT assay indicated that exposure to 100 ?mol?L~(-1) 6-OHDA for 24 h induced a significant decrease in SK-N-SH/Nurr1 cells survival compared with SK-N-SH cells at various time points with an IC_(50) value of 75 ?mol?L~(-1) and 50 ?mol?L~(-1) respectively in SK-N-SH and SK-N-SH/Nurr1 cells.The evidence that treatment with 75 ?mol?L~(-1) 6-OHDA for 12 h induced typical apoptosis in SK-N-SH/Nurr1 cells was found in morphological features provided by Hoechst33342 staining,including chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation,and the percentages of apoptosis in SK-N-SH/Nurr1 cells was about 22%～24%.In contrast,no morphological characteristics of apoptosis in SK-N-SH cells were observed.Conclusions The present study suggests that Nurr1 gene renders SK-N-SH cells more vulnerable to neurotoxic insults. The mechanism of such action is probanly that normal Nurr1 gene function can stimulate apoptotic pathway induced by 6-OHDA,and play a major role in the high sensitivity of DArgic neurons to 6-OHDA insults as a vulnerable factor.
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The purpose of the present work is to observe whether Tau protein Ser202/Thr205 is hyperphosphorylated in braintissues of diabetic mice and to study the effect of App17 peptide. Mouse diabetic model was produced with streptozotocin, andApp1 7 peptide as a treatment was injected subcutaneously into diabetic mice. Four weeks later, fixative was injected intravascu-larly into the mice, the brain was removed and crystat sections prepared. Immunohistochemical staining was done with AT-8. Inthe brains of diabetic mice positive AT-8 reacting neurons were numerous, darkly stained, and widely distributed in retrosplenialgranular cortex, hippocampus, thalamus et al. , while in normal mice and App17 peptide-treated diabetic mice positive cells werescarce and poorly stained. Tau protein is hyperphosphorylated at Scr202/Thr205 site and widely distributed in the brains of dia-betic mice, while App17 peptide can normalize the expression of AT-8 positive cells.
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After intracerebral ventricular administration of GLP-1 in NS or 30% glucose to rats,their effects on blood glucose and glucose regulatory hormones were observed. The results demonstrated:1. Intracerebral ventricular administration of GLP-1 in NS didn't influence plasma stucose, insulin and glucagon secretion.2. Intracerebral ventricular administration of GLP-1 in 30% glucose increased plasma glucose concentration significantly and decreased insulin concentration,but no change of glucagon concentration. This experiment showed that GLP-1 might participate in CNS regulation of pancreatic islet hormonesecretion.
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AIM:To observe the influence of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP17) on the study ability, memory and the expression of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), nerve growth factor(NGF)in the hippocampus neuron of the model mice. METHODS: Mice brain aging model were produced with D-galactose(D-gal), the model mice were given hypodermic injection of APP17 peptide. APP17 peptide is the 319-335 peptide sequence of beta-amyloid precursor protein. Eight weeks later, the animals were observed by water labyrinth test and immunohistochemistry assay. RESULT:(1) The whole time needed and total times of wrong response for the D-gal group mice to complete the whole course of the water labyrinth test is significantly higher than the normal control group. (2) The expression of NT-3, NGF in the hippocampus neurons of the mice in APP17 peptide group is significantly higher than that of the normal control group and D-gal mice group, P
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This article analyzes the forward and backward feedback pathways between cones and horizontal cells in the Cascade model and sets up a Hopfield Network to simulate the interaction mechanism.Additionally,it appears that the phase character of horizontal cell is connected with spectrum and a CMAC Network is established to simulate the mapping process.This article aims to indicate that the mapping of horizontal cell and spectrum might be the underlying way for retina to code the signal from spectral input.
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Aim To investigate whether prostaglandin E2(PGE2)can increase endogenous Nurr1 expression in a dopamine-synthesizing cell line(MN9D) with immature characteristics and to study whether tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) expression is up-regulated in response to Nurr1-overexpression,in order to investigate the role of Nurr1 during dopaninergic neurons development.Methods MN9D cells were treated with 100 ?g?L-1 PGE2 for 2 h to 6 h.The morphology changes of MN9D cells were observed under phase-contrast microscope. The expression of Nurr1 and TH in MN9D cells was analyzed by using immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis.Results ① The morphology of MN9D cells did not change significantly following PGE2 treatment for 2 h,4 h and 6h compared with that of MN9D cells left untreated.② Nurr1-positive staining in MN9D cells treated with PGE2 for 2 h,4 h and 6 h was much stronger than that of untreated cells while the percent of TH-positive MN9D cells after PGE2 treatment for 2 h,4 h and 6 h was similar to that of untreated.③ The expression of Nurr1 protein in MN9D cells treatment with PGE2 for 6 h was significantly higher than that of untreated(P
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After intracerebral ventricular administration of adrenomedullin (AM) in normal saline (NS) or 30% glucose to rats, the effects on blood glucose and glucose regulatory hormones were studied and compared. 1) Am in NS increased significantly the concentration of plasma insulin and C peptide, and decreased the concentration of glucagon and blood glucose. 2) As compared with 30% glucose alone, AM in 30% glucose raised significantly the plasma insulin and C peptide and decreased significantly the glucagon concentration, but the blood glucose level remained unchanged. The results showed that the AM plays a role in the regulation of pancreatic hormone secretion by central nerve system.
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Objective Through the observation on the distribution of hyperphosphorylated Tau,to investigate the connection between hyperphosphorylated Tau and learning, memory tasks. Furthermore, the treatment of App17 on brain tissues of diabetic mice. Methods Diabetic model mouse was produced in the use of streptozotion and App17 peptide as a curative was injected subcutaneously. Four weeks later, removed the brains. Immunohistochemical stainning was done with AT\|8, Tau\|1, again with Tau\|1 antibody after dephosphorylation. Results In the brains of diabetic mice positive AT\|8 reacting neurons were widely distribution in retrosplenial granular cortex, hippocampas, thalamus et al, the cytoplasm was darkly stained, while in normal mice and App17 peptide\|treated diabetic mice positive cells were localized in retrosplenial granular cortex, however, in hippocampas and RSG area, the cytoplasm were poorly stained. Conclusion Hyperphosphorylated Tau is widely expressed in brains of diabetic mice. App17 peptide can improve the hyperphosphorylated Tau in brains of diabetic mice, therefore, it may improve learning ability and memory.\;